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Asynchronous Operations

As a language (and runtime), javascript is fundamentally single-threaded. This means any blocking request or computation will block the whole page (and, in older browsers, the software itself even preventing users from switching to another tab): a javascript environment can be seen as an event-based runloop where application developers have no control over the runloop itself.

As a result, performing long-running synchronous network requests or other types of complex and expensive accesses is frowned upon and asynchronous APIs are used instead.

The goal of this guide is to provide some tools to deal with asynchronous systems, and warn against systemic issues or dangers.

Deferreds

Deferreds are a form of promises. OpenERP Web currently uses jQuery’s deferred.

The core idea of deferreds is that potentially asynchronous methods will return a Deferred() object instead of an arbitrary value or (most commonly) nothing.

This object can then be used to track the end of the asynchronous operation by adding callbacks onto it, either success callbacks or error callbacks.

A great advantage of deferreds over simply passing callback functions directly to asynchronous methods is the ability to compose them.

Using deferreds

Deferreds’s most important method is Deferred.then(). It is used to attach new callbacks to the deferred object.

  • the first parameter attaches a success callback, called when the deferred object is successfully resolved and provided with the resolved value(s) for the asynchronous operation.
  • the second parameter attaches a failure callback, called when the deferred object is rejected and provided with rejection values (often some sort of error message).

Callbacks attached to deferreds are never “lost”: if a callback is attached to an already resolved or rejected deferred, the callback will be called (or ignored) immediately. A deferred is also only ever resolved or rejected once, and is either resolved or rejected: a given deferred can not call a single success callback twice, or call both a success and a failure callbacks.

then() should be the method you’ll use most often when interacting with deferred objects (and thus asynchronous APIs).

Building deferreds

After using asynchronous APIs may come the time to build them: for mocks, to compose deferreds from multiple source in a complex manner, in order to let the current operations repaint the screen or give other events the time to unfold, …

This is easy using jQuery’s deferred objects.

Deferreds are created by invoking their constructor 1 without any argument. This creates a Deferred() instance object with the following methods:

Deferred.resolve()

As its name indicates, this method moves the deferred to the “Resolved” state. It can be provided as many arguments as necessary, these arguments will be provided to any pending success callback.

Deferred.reject()

Similar to resolve(), but moves the deferred to the “Rejected” state and calls pending failure handlers.

Deferred.promise()

Creates a readonly view of the deferred object. It is generally a good idea to return a promise view of the deferred to prevent callers from resolving or rejecting the deferred in your stead.

reject() and resolve() are used to inform callers that the asynchronous operation has failed (or succeeded). These methods should simply be called when the asynchronous operation has ended, to notify anybody interested in its result(s).

Composing deferreds

What we’ve seen so far is pretty nice, but mostly doable by passing functions to other functions (well adding functions post-facto would probably be a chore… still, doable).

Deferreds truly shine when code needs to compose asynchronous operations in some way or other, as they can be used as a basis for such composition.

There are two main forms of compositions over deferred: multiplexing and piping/cascading.

Deferred multiplexing

The most common reason for multiplexing deferred is simply performing multiple asynchronous operations and wanting to wait until all of them are done before moving on (and executing more stuff).

The jQuery multiplexing function for promises is when().

This function can take any number of promises 2 and will return a promise.

The returned promise will be resolved when all multiplexed promises are resolved, and will be rejected as soon as one of the multiplexed promises is rejected (it behaves like Python’s all(), but with promise objects instead of boolean-ish).

The resolved values of the various promises multiplexed via when() are mapped to the arguments of when()’s success callback, if they are needed. The resolved values of a promise are at the same index in the callback’s arguments as the promise in the when() call so you will have:

$.when(p0, p1, p2, p3).then(
        function (results0, results1, results2, results3) {
    // code
});

Deferred chaining

A second useful composition is starting an asynchronous operation as the result of an other asynchronous operation, and wanting the result of both: with the tools described so far, handling e.g. OpenERP’s search/read sequence with this would require something along the lines of:

var result = $.Deferred();
Model.search(condition).then(function (ids) {
    Model.read(ids, fields).then(function (records) {
        result.resolve(records);
    });
});
return result.promise();

While it doesn’t look too bad for trivial code, this quickly gets unwieldy.

But then() also allows handling this kind of chains: it returns a new promise object, not the one it was called with, and the return values of the callbacks is important to this behavior: whichever callback is called,

  • If the callback is not set (not provided or left to null), the resolution or rejection value(s) is simply forwarded to then()’s promise (it’s essentially a noop)

  • If the callback is set and does not return an observable object (a deferred or a promise), the value it returns (undefined if it does not return anything) will replace the value it was given, e.g.

    promise.then(function () {
    console.log('called');
});

    will resolve with the sole value undefined.

  • If the callback is set and returns an observable object, that object will be the actual resolution (and result) of the pipe. This means a resolved promise from the failure callback will resolve the pipe, and a failure promise from the success callback will reject the pipe.

    This provides an easy way to chain operation successes, and the previous piece of code can now be rewritten:

    return Model.search(condition).then(function (ids) {
    return Model.read(ids, fields);
});

    the result of the whole expression will encode failure if either search or read fails (with the right rejection values), and will be resolved with read’s resolution values if the chain executes correctly.

then() is also useful to adapt third-party promise-based APIs, in order to filter their resolution value counts for instance (to take advantage of when() ‘s special treatment of single-value promises).

jQuery.Deferred API

when(deferreds…)
Arguments
  • deferreds – deferred objects to multiplex
Returns
a multiplexed deferred
Return type
Deferred()
class Deferred()
Deferred.Deferred.then(doneCallback[, failCallback])

Attaches new callbacks to the resolution or rejection of the deferred object. Callbacks are executed in the order they are attached to the deferred.

To provide only a failure callback, pass null as the doneCallback, to provide only a success callback the second argument can just be ignored (and not passed at all).

Returns a new deferred which resolves to the result of the corresponding callback, if a callback returns a deferred itself that new deferred will be used as the resolution of the chain.

Arguments
  • doneCallback – function called when the deferred is resolved
  • failCallback – function called when the deferred is rejected
Returns
the deferred object on which it was called
Return type
Deferred()
Deferred.Deferred.done(doneCallback)

Attaches a new success callback to the deferred, shortcut for deferred.then(doneCallback).

This is a jQuery extension to CommonJS Promises/A providing little value over calling then() directly, it should be avoided.

Arguments
  • doneCallback (Function) – function called when the deferred is resolved
Returns
the deferred object on which it was called
Return type
Deferred()
Deferred.Deferred.fail(failCallback)

Attaches a new failure callback to the deferred, shortcut for deferred.then(null, failCallback).

A second jQuery extension to Promises/A. Although it provides more value than done(), it still is not much and should be avoided as well.

Arguments
  • failCallback (Function) – function called when the deferred is rejected
Returns
the deferred object on which it was called
Return type
Deferred()
Deferred.Deferred.promise()

Returns a read-only view of the deferred object, with all mutators (resolve and reject) methods removed.

Deferred.Deferred.resolve(value…)

Called to resolve a deferred, any value provided will be passed onto the success handlers of the deferred object.

Resolving a deferred which has already been resolved or rejected has no effect.

Deferred.Deferred.reject(value…)

Called to reject (fail) a deferred, any value provided will be passed onto the failure handler of the deferred object.

Rejecting a deferred which has already been resolved or rejected has no effect.

[1] or simply calling Deferred() as a function, the result is the same
[2]

or not-promises, the CommonJS Promises/B role of when() is to be able to treat values and promises uniformly: when() will pass promises through directly, but non-promise values and objects will be transformed into a resolved promise (resolving themselves with the value itself).

jQuery’s when() keeps this behavior making deferreds easy to build from “static” values, or allowing defensive code where expected promises are wrapped in when() just in case.